Figure 1.
A summary of the experimental procedure.
(A) Schematic representation of a procedure of the task. First, a cross was projected at the center of the visual field (duration 5,000 ms), followed by an arrow-shaped cue to indicate the direction to be paid attention (duration 100 ms). In this case, the participants had to pay attention to the left Gabor patch. After CTOA of 6,000 or 8,000 ms, a target appeared at either left or right position away from the center (duration 100 ms). The participants had to press a button if they successfully detected it. (B) Two types of cue; a “spatial cue” to the left or right, and a “neutral cue”. (C) Mean RT in each attentional condition (valid, neutral, and invalid). Error bars show SEM.
Figure 2.
Significant activation of typical regions along the DAN and other regions during orienting more than during holding of attention with a linear contrast as [valid>neutral] (P<0.05, Bonferroni's correction, yellow and orange regions).
Orange regions were selected as ROIs.
Figure 3.
Network graphs in the four experimental conditions obtained from pGC analysis.
Unidirectional arrows indicate directional causal streams from one ROI to another. (ROI abbreviations: R, right; L, left; hFEF, human frontal eye field; PPC, posterior parietal cortex; mFC, medial frontal cortex; IFG-AIC, inferior frontal gyrus-anterior insular cortex; MFG, middle frontal gyrus, FO-AIC, frontal operculum-anterior insular cortex; LOC, lateral occipital cortex. See Table S1 for details of the ROIs.
Figure 4.
Network graphs of pGC in the four experimental conditions shown in Figure 3 overlaid onto a transparent and 3D-rendered gray matter volume.
Green unidirectional arrows indicate statistically significant causal streams from one ROI to another. Red unidirectional arrows mean significant frontal-to-parietal causal streams along the DAN. Regions along the DAN are shown in yellow, the visual cortices are in pink, the medial frontal cortex is in salmon pink, the thalami in purple and the other regions in blue.