Figure 1.
Chemical structure of a polydroxy fullerene (PHF) molecule (x = 12 to 42).
Figure 2.
Effects of polyhydroxy fullerens (PHF) on growth and/or lifespan.
(A) Normalized algal growth compared to untreated controls. The cultures were grown in the presence of the treatment for 4 days (n = 9). (B) Normalized Arabidopsis hypocotyl growth against untreated controls. Data represent mean of three trials, wherein each trial comprises at least 25 seedling measurements. (C) Normalized Daphnia reproduction as measured by the number of neonates produced over the lifetime of 5 mature daphnids (n = 4). (D) Lifespan of tested daphnids at concentrations from 0.001 to 20 mg/L (n = 20). Error bars indicate standard error of the mean. *: p<0.05; **: p<0.01.
Figure 3.
Normalized root lengths of Arabidopsis seedlings in various PHF concentrations under white light condition.
No observable difference on root elongation was detected in the PHF treated seedlings compared with control seedlings (p>0.05). Root lengths were all normalized to control within each experimental replicate. At least 25 seedlings per treatment were measured in each replicate. Error bars represents the standard deviation of the three independent trials.
Figure 4.
Normalized root or hypocotyl lengths of Arabidopsis seedlings under blue light (BL) or red light (RL) conditions.
PHF concentration was 100 mg/L. No difference on root and hypocotyl elongation was observed under those two monochromatic light conditions (p>0.05). Root and hypocotyl lengths were all normalized to control that grown under 0.2 µmol m−2 s−1 BL or RL within each experimental replicate. At least 25 seedlings per treatment were measured in each replicate. Error bars represent the standard deviation of the three independent trials.
Figure 5.
A photographic reproduction of a 96-well plate test after 120-hour incubation.
The column of test cells having A. niger exposed to 1,000 mg/L PHF shows significantly higher growth than control or other PHF quantities.
Figure 6.
Microscopic images (10X magnification) of daphnids exposed to control and pH treatments after 2 days.
(A) Control, (B) treatment with 0.001 mg/L of PHF, and (C) treatment with 20 mg/L of PHF. (D) Mean body length of daphnids over a duration of 8 days in response to various concentrations of PHF (n = 2).