Figure 1.
Chemical structure of the most potent antioxidant rotenoids.
Rotenoids were obtained from Kupchan partitioning of the methanol extract of B. diffusa root following by sequential silica gel column chromatography and HPLC.
Figure 2.
Effect of 5 mg/ml of Boerhaavia diffusa methanol extract on electron spin resonance spectroscopy.
Representative ESR spectra of DMPO-OH spin adduct signal (A) and DMPO-OH spin adduct signal in the presence of 5 mg/ml of Boerhaavia diffusa methanol extract (B).
Table 1.
Antioxidant activity (AA), detected using ESR assay, of the fractions obtained from Kupchan partitioning of the methanol extract of B. diffusa root.
Table 2.
Antioxidant activity (AA), detected using ESR assay, of the fractions obtained from the carbon tetrachloride extract of B. diffusa root.
Figure 3.
Effect of boeravinone G (0.1–1 ng/ml) on Fenton's reagent (H2O2/Fe2+ 1 mM)-induced malondialdehyde-equivalents (MDA-equivalents) production.
Effect observed in differentiated Caco-2 cells after 24-hour boeravinone G exposure. Data represent mean ± SEM of 6 experiments. #p<0.001 vs control (vehicle) and ***p<0.001 vs H2O2/Fe2+ alone.
Figure 4.
Effect of boeravinone G (0.1–1 ng/ml) on Fenton's reagent (H2O2/Fe2+ 2 mM)-induced reactive species (ROS) production.
Effect observed in differentiated Caco-2 cells after 24-hour boeravinone G exposure. Data represent mean ± SEM of 6 experiments. #p<0.001 vs control (vehicle); *p<0.05, **p<0.01 and ***p<0.001 vs H2O2/Fe2+ alone.
Figure 5.
Effect of boeravinone G (BG, 0.1–1 ng/ml) on DNA damage.
DNA damage (tail intensity) was detected by the Comet assay in Caco-2 cells exposed to 75 µM H2O2 for 5 min in absence or presence of boeravinone G. a = control; b = H2O2 75 µM; c = H2O2 75 µM+BG 0.1 ng/ml; d = H2O2 75 µM+BG 0.3 ng/ml; e = H2O2 75 µM+BG 1 ng/ml. Data represent mean ± SEM of 4 experiments. #p<0.001 vs control (vehicle) and ***p<0.001 vs H2O2 alone.
Figure 6.
Effect of boeravinone G (0.1–1 ng/ml) on superoxide dismutase (SOD) activity.
SOD activity was evaluated in Caco-2 cells exposed to Fenton's reagent (H2O2/Fe2+ 1 mM) without or with boeravinone G (0.1–1 ng/ml). Data represent mean ± SEM of 4 experiments. #p<0.001 vs control (vehicle); *p<0.05 and ***p<0.001 vs H2O2/Fe2+ alone; °p<0.05 vs control.
Figure 7.
Effect of boeravinone G (0.1–1 ng/ml) on pERK1 (A) and pERK2 (B) expression.
Quantitative analysis and representative western blot analysis of pERK1 and pERK2 in Caco-2 cells exposed to Fenton's reagent (H2O2/Fe2+ 1 mM) without or with boeravinone G (0.1–1 ng/ml). The results were normalized with anti-ERK2 (pERK1/2/ERK2). #p<0.01 vs control (vehicle); ***p<0.001 vs H2O2/Fe2+ alone.
Figure 8.
Effect of boeravinone G (0.1–1 ng/ml) on phospho-NF-kB p65 expression.
Quantitative analysis and representative western blot analysis of phospho-NF-kB p65 in Caco-2 cells exposed to Fenton's reagent (H2O2/Fe2+ 1 mM) without or with boeravinone G (0.1–1 ng/ml). The results were normalized with anti-βactin antibodies. #p<0.001 vs control (vehicle); *p<0.05 and ***p<0.001 vs H2O2/Fe2+ alone.