Table 1.
Demographic and clinical characteristics of participants with acute HIV infection and seronegative controls.
Figure 1.
Timeline of AHI: estimated HIV exposure, symptom onset, presentation to care, AHI diagnosis and enrollment in subjects with a narrow window of exposure based on self-report.
A narrow window of exposure is defined as all patients with high or medium exposure date confidence (n = 6), plus patients with a one-time exposure in the 8 weeks prior to diagnosis with a partner of unknown status (n = 4).
Table 2.
Comparison of the estimated the date of infection based on Bayesian Evolutionary Analysis by Sampling Trees (BEAST) versus acute retroviral symptom onset.
Figure 2.
Estimated dates of infection based on symptom onset (x axis) vs. BEAST (y axis) in 15 patients with single variant transmissions.
Infection dates were inferred by subtracting 14 days from symptom onset and compared to BEAST calculations relative to sampling of blood plasma for SGA env sequence generation. The slope of the line is 1.166±0.2995 with R2 = 0.54 for all 15 patients.
Figure 3.
Viral loads and plasma levels of IFNα, IL-15, IL-18 and IL-1βin sample time courses from three subjects acutely infected with HIV.
A is a US plasma donor, whose sample time course is plotted in days and is aligned relative to the time (designated day 0) when the plasma viral load first reached 100 copies/ml (i.e. the start of the viral expansion phase). B and C are CHAVI 001 subjects, whose sample time courses are plotted in weeks, and are aligned relative to the time of study enrollment (week 0). Subject B started ART just after study enrollment, as indicated by the black arrow. Viral load data is plotted as open squares joined by dotted lines, and is expressed as log10 RNA copies/ml. Data for each cytokine is plotted as filled symbols joined by solid lines, and is expressed as pg/ml.
Table 3.
Median plasma levels of 22 cytokines and chemokines at enrollment and week 16–24 in CHAVI 001 AHI subjects and HIV-seronegative controls.
Figure 4.
Comparative analysis of plasma levels of 10 selected analytes at enrollment and week 16–24 in AHI subjects commencing ART, AHI subjects choosing not to start ART and HIV-seronegative controls.
Plasma levels of 22 cytokines and chemokines were measured in sample time courses from a total of 23 AHI subjects and 21 HIV seronegative controls (Neg). Data for ten analytes (IL-1β, IL-2, IL-7, IFNγ, GM-CSF, MIG, MIP-1β, IP-10, IL-18 and IL-15, each expressed as pg/ml plasma) is shown at A) the enrollment time point (prior to commencement of therapy), when samples were available from 10 CHAVI 001 AHI subjects who chose to commence ART after the enrollment time point (AHI - T) and 12 AHI subjects who chose to remain untreated (AHI - UT) and B) week 16 or 24, when samples were available from 11 CHAVI 001 AHI subjects who chose to commence ART after the enrollment time point (AHI - T) and 7 AHI subjects who chose to remain untreated (AHI - UT). In both A and B, data are also shown from 21 HIV-seronegative subjects (sampled at the enrollment time point), except for IL-18 where n = 14 and IL-15 where n = 10. Each symbol represents data for an individual subject, and horizontal lines represent the median analyte level in the subject groups. Bars at the top of each graph show statistically significant differences between groups (p<0.01; Kruskal-Wallis non-parametric test).