Table 1.
List of all studied populations with the location and sample ID.
Figure 1.
Neighbor-Joining tree of 15 populations based on Fst measurement.
In the square boxes are the four studied Malay sub-ethnic groups. Numbers at each branch are represent the percentage value of a thousand bootstrap replications and branches with bootstrap values less than 80% were condensed. The tree suggests a diverse origin of the Malay sub-ethnic groups that forms Cluster I, II and III. Notably, the position of MY-KN in Clade III is the most basal among other studied Malays supported by 100% of bootstrap replicates. There is a distinct genetic difference between the indigenous Orang Asli populations; the Negritos is oldest among the peopling groups in Malay Peninsula, whereas the Proto-Malays shared a common ancestry or have had some mixing with the Chinese and Javanese populations.
Figure 2.
MDS analysis in three dimension model recapitulated the pattern of Fst tree.
The 3D MDS showed that all four Malay populations are well separated into three different sub-clusters, although still remained in the same cluster and dimensional platform. They are far separated from three other group populations which are Yoruba, Indian (IN-DR and IN-WL) and Negrito (MY-JH and MY-KS) which are far more diversified than the modern Malays.