Figure 1.
Median-joining network based on 247 bp of the mitochondrial D-Loop from 207 ancient samples (colored) and 601 modern sequences of primitive breeds (white).
Eighty-seven haplotypes were found among the ancient samples; 103 different haplotypes among the primitive breeds and 36 haplotypes are shared (Table S5). Figure 1A shows haplotypes named after [13]–[14], whereas Figure 1B shows the new nomenclature (Table S4). Haplogroups are signed by a color code.
Figure 2.
Origin of mitochondrial lineages of modern horses.
Only mitochondrial lineages are shown which were/are present in domestic horses. Haplotypes in italic/underlined were so far only found in early-domestic remains. The striped zone indicates the postulated period of horse domestication.
Table 1.
Haplotype distribution.
Figure 3.
Haplogroup distribution of Eurasian primitive breeds (n = 601 animals; Table S13).
(1: Asturcon (n = 12), Cartujano (n = 8), Garrano (n = 5), Losino (n = 10), Lusitano (n = 10), Marismeno (n = 12), Merens (n = 10), Pottoka (n = 13), Sorraia (n = 27); 2: Duelmener (n = 10), Exmoor (n = 17), Gotland (n = 3), Icelandic (n = 6), Norwegian Fjord (n = 11), Shetland (n = 18), Welsh (n = 1); 3: Arabian (n = 99), Barb (n = 37), Fulani (n = 9), Egyptian (n = 7); 4: Hucul (n = 11), Koonik (n = 5); 5: Anatolian (n = 17), Giara (n = 2), Mallorquina (n = 2), Pindos (n = 7), Sanfrantellano (n = 10), Sicilian Oriental (n = 1), Sicilian Ind. (n = 13), Skyros (n = 5); 6: Akhal Teke (n = 37), Caspian (n = 13), Vyatskaya (n = 18); 7: Tuva (n = 10); 8: Mongolian (n = 20), Przewalski (n = 2); 9: Debao (n = 24), Guan Mountains (n = 10), Guanzhong (n = 2), Wenshan (n = 2), XiNeHe (n = 1), Dali (n = 6), Yunnan (n = 1), Tibetan (n = 16); 10: Cheju (n = 25), Taishu (n = 2); 11: Yakut (n = 15)).
Figure 4.
Mismatch distribution of mitochondrial haplotypes indicating population expansion (domestication) for all regions excluding Iberia during 3000 BC–600 AD.
Figure 5.
This figure illustrates the chronology of geographic haplogroup distribution.
Size of circles represents haplogroup frequencies.
Table 2.
Nucleotide- and haplotype-diversity.