Figure 1.
Complete mtDNA phylogenetic tree of haplogroup C.
This schematic tree is based on phylogenetic tree presented in Figure S1. Time estimates (in kya) shown for mtDNA subclusters are based on the complete mtDNA genome clock (the first value) and the synonymous clock (the second value) [19]. The size of each circle is proportional to the number of individuals sharing the corresponding haplotype, with the smallest size corresponding to one individual. Geographic origin is indicated by different colors: northeastern Asian – in blue, central and southern Siberian – in green, eastern Asian – in red, Indian – in grey, European – in yellow, and others (i.e. of unknown population origin) – in white.
Figure 2.
Complete mtDNA phylogenetic tree of subhaplogroup C5c.
Numbers along links refer to substitutions scored relative to rCRS [51]. Transversions are further specified; ins denotes insertion of nucleotide; symbol < denotes parallel mutation. Subject origins are: Poles (B_96; Ser_37_08; Ser_162_06), Teleut (Tel), Tubalar (NV#Tuba from Volodko et al. [12]), and FamilyTreeDNA Project individual of unknown population origin (FTDNA).
Figure 3.
Complete mtDNA phylogenetic tree of haplogroup D.
This schematic tree is based on phylogenetic tree presented in Figure S2. Time estimates (in kya) shown for mtDNA subclusters are based on the complete mtDNA genome clock (the first value) and the synonymous clock (the second value) [19]. The size of each circle is proportional to the number of individuals sharing the corresponding haplotype, with the smallest size corresponding to one individual. Geographic origin is indicated by different colors: northeastern Asian – in blue, central and southern Siberian – in green, eastern Asian – in red, Indian – in grey, European – in yellow, and others (i.e. of unknown population origin) – in white.
Figure 4.
Complete mtDNA phylogenetic tree of subhaplogroup D4b1a2.
Numbers along links refer to substitutions scored relative to rCRS [51]. Transversions are further specified; symbol < denotes parallel mutation, back mutation is underlined. Subject origins are: Russian (Rus), Buryat (Br), Barghut (Bt), Altaian (Alt), Khamnigan (Hm), Tuvinian (NV#Tuv from Volodko et al. [12], Yukaghir (NV#Yuk from Volodko et al. [12]), Tubalar (NV#Tub from Volodko et al. [12]), Eskimo (NV#Esk from Volodko et al. [12]), Canadian Inuit (IG#CanInnuit from Ingman, Gyllensten [32]), and Tatar (BM#Tm from Malyarchuk et al. [58]).