Table 1.
Overview of wild bird samples involved in the study, and the prevalence of CoV in different species.
Table 2.
Prevalence of avian CoV in five geographic sites in the Beringia area.
Table 3.
Proportion of sampled avifauna across the sites.
Figure 1.
Neighbour-joining tree of CoVs based on a 560-nt fragment (excluding primer sequences) of the CoV RNA-dependent RNA polymerase.
The significance of the tree topology was assessed by 1,000 bootstrapping steps. Evolutionary distances were computed using the Kimura 2 parameter model and are given in the number of base substitutions per site. Previously published mammalian and avian CoV sequences are also included for comparison. BuCoV bulbul coronavirus; BCoV bovine coronavirus; FIPV feline infectious peritonitis virus; IBV infectious bronchitis virus; HCoV human coronavirus; MunCoV munia coronavirus; MHV murine hepatitis virus; ThCoV thrush coronavirus; TGEV transmissible gastroenteritis virus; SARS severe acute respiratory syndrome; PEDV porcine epidemic diarrhea virus; PHEV porcine hemagglutinating encephalomyelitis virus; FIPV feline infectious peritonitis virus. The sample identification includes; bird species, virus, site, location and sample identification number. PBA Point barrow Alaska; KR Kolyuchin Russia; CIR Commander Island Russia; WIR Wrangel Island Russia. Within the gamma-coronaviruses branch, two clusters were identified. Cluster A contained eight Alaskan and one Russian virus, and the within-group distance ranged between 0.8-16%. The Russian Brent goose viruses formed cluster B with a within-group distance of 0.9-3.5%. GenBank accession numbers are indicated in brackets.
Figure 2.
Map of Beringia showing locations where wild bird samples analysed in this study were collected.
Table 4.
Overview of wild bird samples involved in the study.