Figure 1.
Previously published phylogenetic hypotheses for the East Asian clade of Cyprinidae.
Previous studies resulted in limited resolution of relationships within the endemic East Asian clade of cyprinids. The placement of highlighted Squaliobarbus and relationships of the species Mylopharyngodon piceus, Ctenopharyngodon idella, Elopichthys bambusa, Ochetobius elongatus, and Luciobrama macrocephalus are far from being understood.
Table 1.
Taxa and sample location of species included in this study.
Table 2.
Pairwise Kimura two-parameter distances between species.
Figure 2.
Phylogenetic relationships of the endemic East Asian cyprinids inferred from the concatenated sequences.
Numbers above branches represent posterior probability of BI, and the bootstrap support of ML and MP, respectively. And on the right side is the phylogram. The symbol “-” indicates the branch was unresolved (bootstrap value less than 70%).
Figure 3.
Plots of variable length variation of concatenated dataset and bootstrap values attained for nodes in the inferred simultaneous tree (Figure 2) using variable length bootstrap.
Node C was not included due to moderate bootstrap values in the combined analyses.
Table 3.
Summary of alternative partitioning strategies when Bayesian analyses were conducted.
Table 4.
Summary of alternative models used when Bayesian analyses were conducted.
Figure 4.
Molecular dating of the East Asian groups of cyprinids.
The fossil-based constraints are indicated with black dots. Branch lengths are proportional to divergence times (in million of years). The East Asian cyprinids originated mostly in Piocene but some occurred more recently. “S” indicates possible weakening of the Indian and East Asian summer monsoons and continued strengthening of the East Asian winter monsoon, an important time of climatic change and habitat modification that existed during the evolution of the lacustrine species.
Figure 5.
Ancestral state reconstruction for four important traits based on the obtained phylogenetic tree.
The traits including the development of a ventral morphological keel from modified scales (absent/present and size), number of vertebrae, types of eggs laid (pelagic or viscid), and gill rakers morphological differences. The ancestral-state reconstruction was performed using MrBayes (2000000 generations).