Figure 1.
Tripneustes gratilla larvae reared for 5 days in 3 pH and 2 temperature treatments.
A-B. Control pH 8.15, largest larvae were from +3°C (27°C) treatments. PO, post oral arms; BR, body rod. C-D. pH 7.8. E-F. pH 7.6. With increased acidity/PCO2 larval size decreased and there was an increase in abnormal development.
Figure 2.
Percentage of normal T. gratilla larvae.
Percentage of normal T. gratilla larvae in nine treatments (3 pH×3 temperature levels) in the larvae from 3 females. See Table 4 for PCO2, Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite conditions.
Table 1.
ANOVA of percentage normal Tripneustes gratilla larvae reared in temperature (temp) and pH/PCO2 (as fixed factors) treatments, with egg source (female) as a random factor, and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests (TK).
Figure 3.
Mean arm asymmetry in T. gratilla larvae.
Mean arm asymmetry in T. gratilla larvae in six treatments (3 pH ×2 temperature levels) in 35 larvae from each of 3 females (n = 3, ±SE). See Table 4 for PCO2, Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite conditions.
Table 2.
ANOVA on difference in PO arm length (asymmetry) data for Tripneustes gratilla larvae reared in temperature (temp) and pH/PCO2 (as fixed factors) treatments.
Figure 4.
Postoral arm and total calcite rod length in T. gratilla larvae.
A. Mean post oral (PO) arm length and B. total length of calcite rods (TLC) of T. gratilla larvae in six treatments (3 pH ×2 temperature levels) in 35 larvae from each of 3 females (n = 3, ±SE). See Table 4 for PCO2, Ωcalcite and Ωaragonite conditions.
Table 3.
ANOVA of mean post oral arm length (PO) and total length of calcite rod (TLC) data for Tripneustes gratilla larvae reared in temperature (temp) and pH/PCO2 (as fixed factors) treatments, and Tukey-Kramer post-hoc tests (TK).
Table 4.
Temperature (T), pH, PCO2, and calcium carbonate saturation conditions in the nine experimental treatments.