Table 1.
Primer and probe sequences for calcineurin regulation, actin dynamics and housekeeping genes.
Table 2.
Subject and eccentric exercise trial characteristics.
Table 3.
Serum hormone concentrations after 8d of supplementation with either placebo (CON) or E2 (EXP).
Table 4.
Serum lactate dehydrogenase activity following 150 eccentric contractions in CON and EXP groups.
Table 5.
Fold change of gene expression after 3 hours of recovery from eccentric exercise using DNA microarray analysis (n = 18).
Figure 1.
Expression fold changes in mRNA expression of genes in muscle from baseline after exercise protocol.
Graph A – RCAN1 (N = 18). Graph B – HMOX1 (N = 18). 3H = 3 hours post exercise, 48H = 48 hours post exercise. Values are mean ± SEM. **Significant difference vs. baseline when collapsed across supplementation (P<0.01). ***Significant difference vs. baseline when collapsed across supplementation (P<0.001).
Figure 2.
Expression fold changes in mRNA expression of CAPZA1 in muscle from baseline after exercise protocol.
3H = 3 hours post exercise, 48H = 48 hours post exercise. N = 18. Values are mean ± SEM. *Significant difference vs. baseline when collapsed across supplementation (P<0.05).
Figure 3.
Fold change of phosphorylated/total ratio of signaling pathways from baseline after eccentric exercise.
BL = baseline, 3H = 3 hours post exercise, 48H = 48 hours post exercise. Graph A – p38MAPK (Thr 180/Tyr 182) (N = 18). Graph B – GSK-3β (Ser9) (N = 18). Values are mean ± SEM. **Significant difference vs. baseline when collapsed across supplementation (P<0.01).
Figure 4.
Western blot analysis of RND3 and FOS in skeletal muscle after eccentric exercise.
BL = baseline, 3H = 3 hours post exercise, 48H = 48 hours post exercise. Graph A – RND3 (N = 18). Graph B – FOS (N = 14). Values are mean ± SEM. *Significant difference vs. baseline when collapsed across supplementation (P<0.05).
Figure 5.
Schematic representation of the transcriptionally active pathways following exercise induced muscle damage.
Eccentric exercise promoted greater expression of targets within the STARS/RhoA/AP1 and NFAT/AP1 signaling pathways for hypertrophy and actin biogenesis and organization.
Figure 6.
Regulatory and downstream targets of STARS transcriptionally active following a single bout of eccentric exercise.
RCAN – regulator of calcineurin; HMOX1 – hemeoxygenase 1; ARHGEF7 and ARHGEF12 – Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factor 7 and 12; ARHGAP24 – Rho GTPase activating protein 24; RND3 – Rho family GTPase 3; DIAPH1 – diaphanous homologue 1; CORO1C – Coronin, actin binding protein 1; FLNB – Filamin B, beta; CAPZA1 – capping protein (actin filament) muscle Z-line alpha 1; ACTA2 – actin, alpha 2, smooth muscle, aorta; ACTN1 – actinin, alpha 1; AP1 – activator protein 1; FOS – FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homologue; FOSB – FBJ murine osteosarcoma viral oncogene homologue B; JUND – Jun D proto-oncogene.
Figure 7.
Regulatory and downstream targets of NFAT transcriptionally active following a single bout of eccentric exercise.
p38MAPK – p38 mitogen activated protein kinase; GSK-3β – glycogen synthase kinase 3 beta; MAF – v-maf musculoaponeurotic fibrosarcoma oncogene homologue (avian).