Figure 1.
Three dimensional statistical parsimony network.
The network is structured in four layers comprising haplotype samplings at different age (rose: 25,200 cal. yrs BP, green: 15,200 cal. yrs BP, blue: 11,500 cal. yrs BP, red: modern). Each circle represents a separate haplotype. The lines between circles show the number of substitutions separating two haplotypes. If the haplotypes are separated by more than one substitution the number of cross lines plus one refers to the actual number of substitutions. Dashed circles and lines indicate an unsampled intermediate haplotype sampled at the previous time-point. Numbers above or below circles indicate the actual number of individuals belonging to this haplotype. Only numbers higher than one are displayed.
Table 1.
Statistics summarizing the data.
Figure 2.
Climate history as derived from the GISP2 ice-core (upper panel) and demographic history of the collared lemming Dicrostonyx torquatus (lower panel) during the last 25,200 yrs.
Upper panel: oxygen isotope (O) deviations in ‰ (y-axis). The climate graph was calculated using the program CalPal [85]. Lower panel: Bayesian Skyline Plot reconstruction of the temporal demographic history of Dicrostonyx torquatus. The thick black line is the median estimate of the fNe (y-axis) over time and the blue lines indicate the 95
highest posterior density intervals (HPD).
Figure 3.
Statistical parsimony networks showing phylogenetic relationships among mtDNA haplotypes from different regions adjacent to Pymva Shor.
Main panel: Statistical parsimony network showing phylogenetic relationships among modern mtDNA haplotypes from different regions adjacent to Pymva Shor. Lower right: Statistical parsimony network showing relationships among modern mtDNA haplotypes from different populations adjacent to Pymva Shor including ancient DNA sequences (younger than 1,000 years) from Yangana-Pe-4 (1: Pymva Shor, 2: Yangana-Pe-4). Circles represent haplotypes and colors refer to locality sampled (red: Pechora, green: Pymva Shor, blue: Yamal, yellow: NW-Taimyr and cyan: Yangana-Pe-4). Numbers in the circles refer to the actual number of individuals carrying a haplotype. Only numbers bigger than one are shown.
Figure 4.
Posterior probability distributions of different model parameters of the ABC analysis.
Upper left: Density curve of the bottleneck time. The grey bar shows the 5 quantile of the highest posterior density, which matches to the first major temperature increase at the Pleistocene-Holocene transition (as indicated in the small climate reconstruction). Upper right: Density curve of the female effective population size prior to the bottleneck. Lower left: Density curve of the female effective population size after the bottleneck. Lower right: Density curve of the mutation rate. The prior distributions are represented as black lines in all the plots.
Table 2.
Parameter - Mode and Quantiles (5, 25
, 95
).