Figure 1.
Characterization of growth of GAS in AF.
A. Individual specimens of AF support growth of GAS at various levels after 24 h of incubation; initial inoculum ∼104 CFU/ml. B. Growth densities of GAS (CFU/ml) in THY and AF.
Figure 2.
Number of genes differentially expressed in response to AF in ML, LL and S phases.
Upward arrows represent the number of transcripts with increased expression in AF in ML, LL and S phases; the downward arrows represent the number of transcripts with increased expression in THY (down regulated in AF) in ML, LL and S phases. Intersections of the Venn diagram indicate number of differentially expressed genes during more than one growth phase.
Figure 3.
Dynamics of gene expression of GAS genes in ML, LL, and S phase in response to AF.
Each dot represents a single transcript and its coordinates are the average level of expression in THY (x-axis) and AF (y-axis). The dotted lines denote 2-fold change in transcription. Transcripts below the lower dotted line are more highly expressed in THY, transcripts above the upper dotted line are more highly expressed in AF. Thick black lines denote 10-fold differences in transcript level between the studied conditions.
Table 1.
Differential expression of genes encoding known GAS virulence factors upon contact with AF.
Table 2.
Differential expression of RD2 genes in response to AF.
Table 3.
Differential expression of stress response genes in response to AF.
Table 4.
Differential expression of selected regulatory systems in response to AF.
Table 5.
Differential expression of selected genes responsible for transport and metabolism of carbohydrates.
Table 6.
Differential expression of genes involved in the transport and metabolism of amino acids, peptides, and amines.
Figure 4.
Changes in transcription of genes encoding predicted enzymes in the purine and pyrimidine biosynthetic pathway in GAS and GBS in response to AF.
Both GAS and GBS exhibit similar changes in the expression of genes encoding enzymes involved in nucleotide biosynthesis. Changes in transcription of GBS genes from [19], changes in transcription of GAS genes, this work. Light green: genes down regulated 2 to 5 fold upon contact with AF; dark green: above 5 fold. Light orange: genes up regulated 2 to 5 fold upon contact with AF; dark orange: above 5 fold. R5P, ribose 5-phosphate; PRPP, phosphoribosylpyrophosphate; PRA, 5-phospho-b-D-ribosylamine; GAR, 5′-phosphoribosylglycinamide; FGAR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamide; FGAM, 5′-phosphoribosyl-N-formylglycinamidine; AIR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole; NCAIR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-5-carboxyaminoimidazole; CAIR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-5-aminoimidazole-4-carboxylate; SAICAR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-4-(N-succino-carboxamide)-5-aminoimidazole; AICAR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-4-carboximide-5-aminoimidazole ribonucleotide; FAICAR, 5′-phosphoribosyl-4-carboximide-5-formaminoimidazole; IMP, inosine 5′-monophosphate; XMP, xanthosine monophosphate; GMP, guanosine monophosphate; GTP, guanosine triphosphate; sAMP, adenylosuccinate; AMP, adenosine monophosphate; ATP, adenosine triphosphate.
Table 7.
Differential expression of selected genes involved in nucleotide metabolism upon contact with AF.
Figure 5.
Addition of arginine, ornithine, purines and pirymidines does not increase growth of GAS in AF.
Cell densities of GAS cultures grown in pooled AF for 24 hours with addition of amino acids (arginine, ornithine) and nucleotides (xanthine, uracil, and adenine) at the concentration that supports growth of GAS in minimal CDM [49].