Table 1.
CPXV infected exotic animals (except Muroidae).
Figure 1.
Lesions on mongooses #1 and #8.
(A) Acute lesions on the head of mongoose #1 with a generalized infection and (B) subacute to chronic epidermal lesions with scarring on the body of mongoose #8.
Table 2.
Clinical and laboratory findings in a cowpox virus outbreak affecting a colony of 13 banded mongooses (Mungos mungo) and 2 jaguarundis (Herppailurus yagouaroundi) at Krefeld Zoo, Germany. Skin, lung, liver, tongue, spleen and feces were tested by real-time PCR; blood by IFAT.
Figure 2.
Acute lesions of jaguarundi #2.
(A) Round, “punched-out” erosions at the mucosal surface of nose and lips and (B) typical lesions at the dorsal aspect of the tongue.
Figure 3.
Histopathological and electron microscopical examination.
(A) Multiple circumscribed, elevated, pale red, plaque-like foci in the lung of mongoose #1, (B) HE-stained skin lesion of mongoose #1 showing multiple eosinophilic intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (arrows) and mild ballooning degeneration of epidermal cells associated with focal severe necrotizing dermatitis with neutrophilic and lymphoplasmacellular infiltrates, (C) HE-stained liver section of mongoose #1 showing severe necrosis with hemorrhage and mild inflammatory infiltration and degenerating hepatocytes with multiple intracytoplasmic inclusion bodies (arrow), (D) HE-stained lung section of mongoose #1 showing a bronchiolus with markedly hyperplastic epithelium and focal obliterating proliferation undergoing necrosis. Negative-stain electron microscopy revealing typical orthopoxvirus-like particles in skin lesion material of mongoose #1 (E) and jaguarundi #1 (F).
Figure 4.
Severe cowpox lesion on the patient's chin caused by the identical virus strain that was isolated from deceased mongooses and jaguarundis.
Table 3.
Characteristics of cowpox virus isolates and orthopoxvirus reference strains.
Figure 5.
Evolutionary relationships of orthopoxvirus isolates from the outbreak described here and orthopoxvirus reference strains.
The evolutionary history was inferred using the Neighbor-Joining method [27]. The optimal tree with the sum of branch length = 0.28120272 is shown. The percentage of replicate trees in which the associated taxa clustered together in the bootstrap test (500 replicates) is shown next to the branches. The tree is drawn to scale, with branch lengths in the same units as those of the evolutionary distances used to infer the phylogenetic tree. The evolutionary distances were computed using the Maximum Composite Likelihood method and are in the units of the number of base substitutions per site. Codon positions included were 1st+2nd+3rd+Noncoding. All positions containing gaps and missing data were eliminated from the dataset (complete deletion option). There were a total of 753 positions in the final dataset. Phylogenetic analyses were conducted in MEGA4.
Table 4.
Orthopoxvirus-specific antibody titers, measured by IFAT, in animals at Zoo Krefeld, Germany, before and after intramuscular vaccination with modified VACV Ankara (MVA).