Figure 1.
Study selection flow diagram.
Table 1.
Characteristics of studies included in the review.
Figure 2.
Forrest plot of admission rates of data fabrication, falsification and alteration in self reports.
Area of squares represents sample size, horizontal lines are 95% confidence interval, diamond and vertical dotted line show the pooled weighted estimate.
Figure 3.
Admission rates of Questionable Research Practices (QRP) in self- and non-self-reports.
N indicates the number of survey questions. Boxplots show median and interquartiles.
Figure 4.
Forrest plot of admission rates of data fabrication, falsification and alteration in non-self reports.
Area of squares represents sample size, horizontal lines are 95% confidence interval, diamond and vertical dotted line show the pooled weighted estimate.
Table 2.
Actions taken against misconduct.
Table 3.
Inverse variance-weighted regression on admission rates.
Figure 5.
Sensitivity analysis of admission rates of data fabrication, falsification and alteration in self reports.
Plots show the weighted pooled estimate and 95% confidence interval obtained when the corresponding study was left out of the analysis.
Figure 6.
Sensitivity analysis of admission rates of data fabrication, falsification and alteration in non-self reports.
Plots show the weighted pooled estimate obtained when the corresponding study was left out of the analysis.