Figure 1.
Geologic map of the Ischigualasto–Villa Unión Basin in northwestern Argentina.
The red arrow points to the holotypic site of Panphagia protos, which is located near the base of the Carnian Ischigualasto Formation.
Figure 2.
Silhouette reconstruction of the skeleton of Panphagia protos.
Reconstruction shows preserved bones (white) and missing bones (light grey for left side; dark grey for right side). Body length is approximately 1.30 m.
Table 1.
Dimensions (mm) of the axial bones of the holotypic specimen of Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874).
Table 2.
Dimensions (mm) of the girdle and limb bones of the holotypic specimen of Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874).
Figure 3.
Preserved skull bones of the new basal sauropodomorph Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874).
Right nasal in lateral (A) and dorsal (B) views. (C)-Right prefrontal in lateral view. (D)-Left frontal in dorsal view. (E)-Left parietal in dorsal view. (F)-Left quadrate in posterior view. (G)-Supraoccipital in posterior view. (H)-Right prootic in lateral view. Abbreviations: avp, anteroventral process of nasal; en, external nares; fmb, dorsal border of foramen magnum; ip, internarial process; lf, lateral flange; me, median eminence; nf, lateral fossa on nasal; o, orbit; PFs, prefrontal suture; plp, posterolateral process of nasal; POs, postorbital suture; pptm, M. protractor pterygoideus attachment; PTf, pterygoid flange; Qc, quadrate condyle; Qf, quadrate foramen; stf: supratemporal fossa; stfb, medial border of supratemporal fossa; V, trigeminal notch; vcdf, vena capitis dorsalis fossa. Scale bar equals 1 cm.
Figure 4.
Lower jaw of the new basal sauropodomorph Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874).
Right lower jaw in lateral (A) and medial (B) views. (C)-Fragmentary left lower jaw in lateral view. (D)-Posterior end of right lower jaw in dorsal view. Abbreviations: A, angular; AR, articular, aSAf, surangular foramen; C, coronoid; D, dentary; emf, external mandibular fenestra; emg, external mandibular groove; g, groove; IC, intercoronoid; imf, internal mandibular fenestra; PA, prearticular; pvp, posteroventral process of dentary; rap, retroarticular process; SA, surangular; SP, splenial. Scale bar equals 1 cm.
Figure 5.
Features of the dentition of the new basal sauropodomorph Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874).
Anterior dentary tooth in labial (A) and lingual (B) views. Abbreviations: lae, labial eminence; lie, lingual eminence. Scale bar equals 1 mm.
Figure 6.
Postcranial axial skeleton the new basal sauropodomorph Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874).
(A)-Posterior cervical vertebra (presumptive C8) in ventral view. (B)-Anterior cervical vertebra in lateral view. (C)-Posterior cervical vertebra (presumptive C7) with abnormal outgrowth in dorsal view. Dorsal neural arch in lateral (D) and posterior (E) views. First primordial sacral (S1) in lateral (F) and dorsal (G) views. (H)-Posterior caudal vertebrae in lateral view (reversed). Abbreviations: ao, abnormal outgrowth in prezygapophysis; d, diapophysis; e: eminence; ha, haemal arch; hs, hyposphene; lk, lateral ventral keels; lr, lateral ridge; ns, neural spine; os, oval scars; p, parapophysis; prz, prezygapophysis; poz, postzygapophysis; sr, sacral rib; tp, transverse process; vk, median ventral keel. Scale bar equals 1 cm.
Figure 7.
Scapula of the new basal sauropodomorph Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874).
Left scapula in lateral (A), anterior (B), and medial (C) views. Abbreviations: ac, acromion; g, glenoid surface; pdp, posterodistal process. Scale bar equals 2 cm.
Figure 8.
Pelvic bones of the new basal sauropodomorph Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874).
Left ilium in lateral (A), posterior (B), and anterior (C) views. Left pubis in anterodorsal (D) and lateral (E) views. Left ischium in lateral (F) and distal (G) views. Abbreviations: de, distal expansion; ib, iliac blade; is, iliac spine; ml: medial lamina of brevis fossa; mvl, medioventral lamina; pap, postacetabular process; pf, pubic facet; pp, pubic process; sac, supraacetabular crest. Scale bar equals 2 cm.
Figure 9.
Hind limb and pedal elements of the new basal sauropodomorph Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874).
Right tibia in lateral (A), distal (B), and posterior (C) views.(D)-Right astragalus in proximal view. Right metatarsal 3 in anterior (E) and proximal (F) views. Abbreviations: cc, cnemial crest; db, dorsal border; ep, extensor pit; ff, fibular facet; lc, lateral condyle of proximal tibia; plf, posterolateral fossa on proximal surface; pmc, posteromedial corner; pvp, posteroventral process. Scale bar equals 2 cm.
Table 3.
Character state scores for Panphagia protos (PVSJ 874) and Eoraptor lunensis (PVSJ 512).
Figure 10.
Consensus of three most-parsimonious trees resulting from the present parsimony analysis (tree length 187 steps; consistency index 0.561, retention index 0.568). The jackknife frequency (p = 0.36′ 1000 replications) and Bremer support values for each node are depicted above and below the internal branch leading to that node, respectively.