Figure 1.
Flow of participants through the Pennington Phase 1 CALERIE trial.
The CONSORT diagram was published previously [6].
Table 1.
Physical characteristics of 48 men and women in weight maintenance at baseline.
Figure 2.
Experimental design (A) and body weight and composition changes (B) at the completion of the study.
Table 2.
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE; kcal/day) measured by doubly labeled water at M0, M3 and M6.
Figure 3.
The effect of caloric restriction on AREE (change in TDEE at M3 and M6 after adjusting for SMR (a measure of sedentary energy expenditure).
* represents a significant change from baseline.
Figure 4.
The effect of caloric restriction (CR, n = 12) on all components of daily energy expenditure (Top Panel).
Total daily energy expenditure (TDEE) is measured by doubly labeled water over a 2-week period whereas sedentary 24-h energy expenditure (24h-EE) is measured in a respiratory chamber. Spontaneous physical activity was calculated as previously reported [7] whereas the thermic effect of food (TEF) was calculated in the chamber as per Tataranni et al [38] and the same percentage of energy intake (9–12% across subjects) was assumed to assess the extra TEF in free living conditions. The changes in total daily energy expenditure after 3 and 6 months of CR (Bottom Panel) are shown and those representing a metabolic adaptation (larger than due to weight loss) are highlighted in grey.