Figure 1.
Three generations of design patterns for web-based applications.
The original design (“1.0”) consists of collections of hypertext documents that are syntactically (dashed lines) interoperable (traversing between them by clicking on the links), regardless of the domain content. The user centric web 2.0 applications use internal representations of the external data structures. This representation is asynchronously updated from the reference resources which are now free to have a specialized interoperation between domain contents. An example of this approach is that followed by AJAX-based interfaces. Finally, the ongoing emergence of the semantic web promises to produce service oriented systems that are semantically interoperable such that the interface application reacts to domains of knowledge specifically. At this level all applications tend to be web-interoperable with peer-to-peer architectures complementing the client-server design of w1.0 and w2.0.
Figure 2.
Evolution of formats for individual datasets.
Hexagons, rectangles and small circles indicate data elements, respectively, attributes, their values, and relations. First, flat file formats such as fasta or the GeneBank data model were proposed to collect attribute-value pairs about an individual data entry. The use of tagging by extended markup languages (XML) allowed for the embedding of additional detail and further definition of the nature of the hierarchical structure between data elements. More recently, the resource description framework (RDF) further generalized the XML tree structure into that of a network where the relationship between resources (nodes) is a resource itself. Furthermore, the referencing of each resource by a unique identifier (URI) implies that the data elements can be distributed between distinct documents or even locations.
Figure 3.
Illustration of the desirable functionality: distinct users, with identities (solid icon) managed in distinct S3DB deployments (circular compartments), which they control separately, share a distributed and overlapping data structure (arrows between symbols) that they also manage independently: some data elements are shared (mixed color symbols) others are not.
This will require the identity verification to propagate between deployments peer-to-peer (P2P, dotted lines), including to deployments where neither user maintains an identity (dotted circular compartment). This is in contrast with the conventional approach of having distinct users manage insular deployments with permissions managed at the access point level.
Figure 4.
Core model developed for S3DB (supported by version 3.0 onwards).
This diagram can be read starting from the most fundamental data unit, the Attribute-Value pair (filled hexagonal and square symbols). Each element of the pair is object of two distinct triples, one describing the domain of discourse, the Rules, and the other made of Statements where that domain is populated to instantiate relationships between entities. The latter includes the actual Values. Surrounding these two nuclear collection of triples, is the resolution of Collection and its instantiation as Item that define the relationship between the individual elements of Rules and Statements. The resulting structure is then organized in Projects in such a way that the domain of discourse can nevertheless be shared with other Projects, in the same or in a distinct deployment of S3DB. Finally, a propagation of user permissions (dashed line) is defined such that the distribution of the data structures can be traced. See text for a more detailed description.
Figure 5.
Snapshots of interfaces using S3DB's API (Application Programming Interface).
These applications exemplify why the semantic web designs can be particularly effective at enabling generic tools to assist users in exploring data documenting very specific and very complex relationships. Snapshot A was taken from S3DB's web interface, which is included in the downloadable package[25]. This interface was developed to assist in managing the database model and, therefore, is centered on the visualization and manipulation of the domain of discourse, its Collections of Items and Rules defining the documentation of their relations. The application depicted on snapshots B–D describe a document management tool S3DBdoc, freely available as a Bioinformatics Station module (see Figure 6). The navigation is performed starting from the Project (C), then to the Collection (B) and finally to the editing of the Statements about an Item (D). The snapshot B illustrates an intermediate step in the navigation where the list of Items (in this case samples assayed by tissue arrays, for which there is clinical information about the donor) is being trimmed according to the properties of a distant entity, Age at Diagnosis, which is a property of the Clinical Information Collection associated with the sample that originated the array results. This interaction would have been difficult and computationally intensive to manage using a relational architecture. The RDF formatted query result produced by the API was also visualized using a commercial tool, Sentient Knowledge Explorer (IO-Informatics Inc), shown in snapshot E, and by Welkin, developed by the digital inter-operability SIMILE project at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology. See text for discussion of graphic representations by these tools. To protect patient confidentiality some values in snapshots B and D are scrambled and numeric sample and patient identifiers elsewhere are altered.
Figure 6.
Prototype infrastructure for integrated data management and analysis being tested by the Univ. Texas Lung cancer SPORE.
The system is based on two components, a network of universal semantic database servers and a code distribution server that delivers applications in response to the use of ontology. Four distinct user cases are represented, a–d, which rely on a combination of download of interpreted code (green arrows) or direct access to web-based graphic user interfaces or web-based API (blue arrows, in the latter case using Representational State Transfer, REST). The dotted lines represent regular updating of the application, propagating improvements in the application code.