Figure 1.
Relative survival of stationary phase cells, log phase cells and spores to different stresses.
The survival of vegetative cells from a saturated culture (Sat), a log phase culture (Log), or spores (Spo) after exposure to various stresses was measured as described in the Methods. For each condition, at least three independent experiments were performed and the average percent survival determined. For the graph, the survival rate of spores was defined as 1 and the relative survival of the vegetative cultures is shown. Thin lines represent the range of relative survival. The average percent survivals of spores under each condition were: 40% dextrose, 60%; β-glucanase, 244%; Acetic acid, 54%; NaOH, 23%; Ether 52%; Freeze/Thaw 94%; 2M Sorbitol, 76%; 42°C, 73%; 5M NaCl, 51%.
Figure 2.
Spores are intact in Drosophila frass.
Vegetative cells or spores of strain AN390 were fed to Drosophila and the frass was analyzed by DIC and fluorescence microscopy. A) DIC image of vegetative cells before ingestion. B) Fluorescence image of cells in A. C) DIC image of a flyspeck from Drosophila fed vegetative cells. Arrow indicates an intact vegetative cell. D) Fluorescence image of cells in C. E) DIC image of spores before ingestion. F) Fluorescence image of spores in E. G) DIC image of a flyspeck from Drosophila fed spores. H) Fluorescence image of cells in G. Scale bar = 5 microns.
Table 1.
Quantitation of cell survival in frass.
Figure 3.
Spores with defective spore walls display reduced survival in frass.
Spores mutant for dit1, mum3, or osw1 were fed to Drosophila and the frass was analyzed by DIC and fluorescence microscopy. A) DIC image of dit1 spores before ingestion. B) DIC image of dit1 spores in frass. Arrow indicates an intact spore. Arrowhead indicates a lysed spore. C) Fluorescence image of spores in A. D) Fluorescence image of spores in B. E) DIC image of mum3 spores before ingestion. F) DIC image of mum3 spores after ingestion. G) DIC image of osw1 spores before ingestion. H) DIC image of osw1 spores in frass.
Table 2.
Competitive survival assays1
Figure 4.
S. pombe spores display increased resistance to passage through Drosophila.
Vegetative or sporulated cells of strain YDM124 were fed to Drosophila and flyspecks were analyzed by light microscopy. A) Vegetative cells before ingestion. B) Vegetative cells in frass. Arrow indicates an intact cell. C) Spores before ingestion. D) Spores in frass. Arrow indicates an intact spore. Arrowhead indicates a lysed spore.