Figure 1.
SHIVSF162P4 loads in plasma (A), CD4+ T cell counts in peripheral blood (B), relative CCL3 (C), CCL4 (D) and CCL5 (E) gene expression levels in PBMCs at PID 0-180 with SHIVSF162P4.
Each point on the graph represents the mean fold change in gene expression relative to pre-infection level±SE (n = 5).
Figure 2.
Relative CCL3 (A), CCL4 (B) and CCL5 (C) expression levels in GALT tissues at different stages of SHIVSF162P4 infection (n = 5).
PID 0 was used as the calibrator (value = 1).
Figure 3.
Triple-label confocal microscopy of CCL4+ cells in mesenteric lymph nodes obtained from control (PID 0) and SHIVSF162P4-inoculated macaques at PID 14.
T lymphocytes (CD3+) are red, CCL4+ cells are green, SHIVSF162P4-infected cells (p28+) are blue. Overlap of red and green fluorescence is seen as yellow, overlap of red and blue as pink. Higher number of CD3+CCL4+ cells was seen at PID 0 than at PID 14 (Table 1) while CD3+p28+ cells could be seen at PID 14 but not at PID 0 indicating the successful spread of virus into GALTs following mucosal inoculation.
Figure 4.
Macrophages were also identified as CCL4+ cells.
Macrophages (CD68+) are red, CCL4+ cells are green, overlap of red and green fluorescence is seen as yellow.
Table 1.
Absolute (counts) and relative (%) levels of CCL4+ cells in MLN following SHIVSF162P4 inoculation
Figure 5.
The proportions of peripheral blood CD3+CD4+CCL4+ and CD3+CD8+CCL4+ T lymphocytes were compared at PID 0 and PID 14 with SHIVSF162P4 by flow cytometry (A).
Gating was performed via CD3+ lymphocyte population. Statistically significant differences between CD3+CD4+CCL4+ and CD3+CD8+CCL4+ cells over CD3+ lymphocytes at PID 0 vs. PID 14 (n = 5) are shown (B).
Figure 6.
Comparison of SHIVSF162P4 and SHIVKu1 primary infection in peripheral blood.
Viral loads in plasma (A), CD4+ T cell counts (B), Fold-changes of CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 gene expression levels in SHIVSF162P4- and SHIVKu1–infected macaques at PID 0 vs. PID 14 (C) (n = 5 for each group). Negative sample cut-off for viral load measurements in plasma was <30 copies/ml e.g. PID 0 value.
Table 2.
Rhesus macaque-specific primers for real-time PCR