Oral carbohydrate sensing enhances prefrontal cortex oxygenation, reduces perceived exertion, and improves high-intensity cycling performance: A randomized crossover trial
Fig 7
Effects of CHO-MR, MUS, and PLA on performance outcomes during the 4-km cycling time trial.
(A) Completion time (s). (B) Peak power (W). (C) Mean power output (W). (D) Mean speed (km/h). Analyses were conducted using GEE adjusted for period, sequence, and first-order carryover. Symbols denote Holm-adjusted pairwise differences (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001 for CHO-MR vs. PLA; # p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001 for CHO-MR vs. MUS). Values are presented as mean ± SD with individual data points overlaid. Abbreviations: CHO-MR, carbohydrate mouth rinsing; GEE, generalized estimating equations; MUS, music listening; PLA, placebo mouth rinse.