Oral carbohydrate sensing enhances prefrontal cortex oxygenation, reduces perceived exertion, and improves high-intensity cycling performance: A randomized crossover trial
Fig 5
Changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO) within the DLPFC across experimental conditions.
(A) Right DLPFC and (B) left HbO concentration changes across rest, baseline (task), post-intervention, and post-TT under CHO-MR, MUS, and PLA conditions. Global model results are shown for stage and condition × stage interaction. Values are presented as mean ± SD. Between-condition comparisons within stages were conducted using Holm-adjusted EMM. Symbols denote significant differences between CHO-MR and PLA (* p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001) and between CHO-MR and MUS (p < 0.05, ## p < 0.01, ### p < 0.001). HbO, oxygenated hemoglobin; CHO-MR, carbohydrate mouth rinsing; DLPFC, dorsolateral prefrontal cortex; MUS, music listening; PLA, placebo mouth rinse; TT, 4-km cycling time trial.