Serological responses to SARS-CoV-2 in urban and rural Ghana: Antibody waning and implications for long-term population immunity
Fig 5
Immune response markers by vaccination status.
Bars show the proportion positive (%) for spike (S), nucleocapsid (N), dual S&N, and neutralization at baseline and follow-up, stratified by vaccination; error bars denote 95% CIs. At baseline, neutralization was higher in vaccinated (99.3%) than unvaccinated (95.7%). At follow-up, S remained 100% in both groups, while N was 59.0% (95% CI 50.1–67.9) vs 56.5% (44.8–68.2), and S&N was 54.3% (45.7–63.0) vs 56.5% (44.8–68.2) in vaccinated vs unvaccinated, respectively, consistent with persistence partly attributable to vaccine-induced immunity.