Comprehensive analysis of immune-related genes reveals diagnostic biomarkers and molecular subtypes in diabetic retinopathy
Fig 2
Identification and functional enrichment of immune-related DEGs in DR.
(A) Volcano plot of differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between DR and normal retinal samples. Red dots: significantly upregulated genes (log2FC > 1, p < 0.05); blue dots: significantly downregulated genes (log2FC < −1, p < 0.05); gray dots: non-significant genes. (B) Venn diagram showing the intersection between all DEGs and immune-related genes, yielding 123 immune-related DEGs. (C) Heatmap of the top DEGs. Columns represent samples (blue: DR; pink: normal); rows represent genes (red: high expression; blue: low expression). (D-F) Gene Ontology (GO) enrichment analysis of immune-related DEGs, showing top enriched terms in biological processes (D), cellular components (E), and molecular functions (F). Bar length indicates gene count, and color represents adjusted p-value.