Revealing undergraduate biology students’ conception of variability and error bars within graphing
Fig 8
Graphs students made by select demographics including student year (a), reported major (b), and course type (c).
A chi-square test was performed, and a single asterisk represents a frequency that was significantly lower than expected. Double asterisk represents a frequency that was significantly higher than expected. Frequencies do not add up to 100 for (a) or (b) due to not all students reporting demographics and for (c) due not reporting on non-majors courses. Bar (raw) is a bar graph created with raw data; N = 1071. Bar (ymean) is a bar graph with just means; N = 484. Bar (ymean + errorbars) is a bar graph with means and error bars; N = 391. Catscatter (raw) is a graph similar to graph 3; N = 205. Catscatter (ymean) is a graph with a dot representing the mean for each group; N = 73. Quantscatter is a traditional scatterplot with two numerical variables; N = 184.