Academic integrity across educational levels: Exploring students’ engagement with grey-zone and non-compliant practices in four European countries
Fig 2
Conceptions of rules regarding citation practice, grouped by study level (Upper secondary (US): n = 1,260, Bachelor (Ba): n = 922, PhD: n = 1,115).
“Please indicate whether you believe the following actions go against the official rules and regulations that apply to you in relation to plagiarism”. “Yes, it is a violation” covers the two answer options “Yes, it is a serious violation” and “Yes, but it is not a serious violation”. “Undecided/it depends” covers the two options “The rules are unclear” and “It depends on the situation”.