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The impact of China’s clean energy market on the market connectivity of rare earth industrial chain

Fig 5

Time-varying net connectivity of various products within China’s rare earth industry chain.

Note: This multi-panel figure displays net spillover indices (in percentage terms) for key rare earth products (e.g., PNO, DO, NM, Nd-Fe-B) over February 2015 to August 2023. Each panel’s y-axis shows net connectivity (%), with x-axis as monthly time series labeled by year. Positive values indicate net transmitters, negative as receivers. Shaded regions mark significance, emphasizing shifts like NFB’s consistent transmitter role.

Fig 5

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0342223.g005