Bond strength of thermoformed and 3D-printed aligners with universal primer versus one-step aligner adhesive with and without sandblasting: An in vitro study
Fig 5
Representative failure modes as per Adhesive Remnant Index (ARI).
A, ARI 0, adhesive fully on the composite cylinder; B, ARI 1, mixed failure with <50% adhesive left on tray; C, ARI 2, mixed failure with >50% adhesive left on tray; D, ARI 3, cohesive failure within the adhesive or tray polymer.