A comparative investigation of catecholamines and glucocorticoids impact on glioblastoma invasive behavior via 2D and 3D cell culture
Fig 2
Bio-AFM analysis of 2D and 3D samples.
(A) Sample Visualization for 2D and 3D Cultures. A1: Example cell surface topography obtained from forward deflection scanning by AFM (Scan area: 100 × 100 µm²). A2: Image of a spheroid positioned under the AFM tip; the red dot indicates the laser reflection point. (B) Average Young’s Modulus (kPa) values across treatment groups, with standard deviations shown. B1: Changes in average Young’s modulus (kPa) observed in 2D cultured cells. B2: Corresponding trend in 3D spheroid cultures. (C) Topographical visualization of sample cells using Z-axis height and deflection data. AFM images were acquired over a 100 × 100 µm² area. C1: (a) 2D height map acquired from Z-axis scan (scan forward direction); (b) 3D reconstructed surface based on Z-axis scan data; (c) Height profile extracted along the scan axis, where the gray line represents raw surface measurements, and the black line shows the mean-fitted curve for smoother interpretation. C2: (a) 2D deflection image illustrating surface features based on cantilever bending; (b) 3D reconstructed deflection surface; (c) Deflection profile along the scan axis, with the gray line indicating raw deflection signals and the black line corresponding to the fitted curve. ‘Epi’ indicates epinephrine, and ‘HC’ indicates hydrocortisone.