Upregulation of interleukin-1β and interleukin-18 in traumatic brain injury patients and their potential as biomarkers
Fig 2
Box plots exhibiting comparative analysis of interleukin (IL) levels in serum of traumatic brain injury (TBI) patients (n = 40) and normal individuals (n = 40), as assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA).
Levels of (A) IL-1β and (B) IL-18 are higher in TBI patients compared with normal individuals. Each box indicates interquartile range (IQR), the horizontal line inside the box exhibits the median, whiskers depict variability outside the upper and lower quartiles, circles (°) denote mild outliers (values between 1.5 and 3 times the IQR), and asterisks (*) indicate extreme outliers (values exceeding 3 times the IQR). Statistical significance was assessed using the Mann–Whitney U-test.