Mapping retracted articles and exploring regional differences in China, 2012–2023
Fig 4
Spatial trend analysis of retraction numbers across the 31 provinces of China from 2012 to 2023.
Note: The X-axis and Y-axis represent longitude and latitude, and the Z-axis represents the number of retracted articles in each year. The green line represents the east-west direction, and the blue line represents the north-south direction. A point (X, Y, Z) in the three-dimensional space represents the number of retracted articles in a certain research area. Twelve-Year Period: 2012–2023.