Mapping retracted articles and exploring regional differences in China, 2012–2023
Fig 3
Spatial distribution of the number of retracted articles and the number of the major research institutes across China’s 31 provinces from 2012 to 2023.
Note: According to the definitions provided by National Bureau of Statistics, all provinces were categorized into four regions: the East, the West, the Central and the Northeast. The point of interest (POI) datasets regarding the number of major research institutions, including both research institutes and institutions of higher learning, were obtained from Google Maps in June 2023.