Perioperative administration of sub-anesthetic ketamine/esketamine for preventing postpartum depression symptoms: A trial sequential meta-analysis
Fig 5
Funnel plot assessing publication bias in studies evaluating postpartum depression (PPD) risk.
Each point represents an individual study, plotted based on the effect size (horizontal axis) versus the standard error (vertical axis). The funnel plot’s asymmetry, evident in the uneven distribution of studies on either side of the mean effect size (solid vertical line), suggests the potential for significant publication bias. (a): Risk of PPD at one-week follow-up; (b) Risk of PPD at 4-6-week follow-up.