Structure, composition and diversity of restored forest ecosystems on mine-spoils in South-Western Ghana
Fig 3
Correspondence analysis biplot showing species distribution among different vegetation strata in reclaimed and natural forest stands.
OC, MC, and UC = overstorey, midstorey, and understorey species respectively on control sites, and OR, MR, and UR = overstorey, midstorey, and understorey species respectively on reclaimed sites. Axes 1 and 2 explained 33.5 and 29.7% of the total variation, respectively. List of species: AM—Acacia mangium, AL—Acridocarpus longifolius, AS—Alternanthera sessilis, AO—Angylocalyx oligophyllus, AC—Alchornea cordifolia, AB—Alstonia boonei, AR—Adenia rumicifolia, AV—Adiantum vogelii, AN—Agelaea nitida, AP—Allanblackia parviflora, AmP—Amphimas pterocarpoides, AS—Aningeria spp, AnN—Anthocleista nobilis, AnM—Anthonotha macrophylla, AA—Artocarpus altalis, AsA—Aspilia Africana, AsC—A cordifolia, AnS—Anthonotha sassandraensis, AT—Antiaris toxicaria, AnL—Antidesma laciniatum, AG—Asystasia gangetica, AJ—Aulacocalyx jasminiflora, BB—Bombax buonopozense, BN—Baphia nitida, BP–B. pubescens, BM—Beilschmiedia mannii, BT—Berlinia tomentella, BW—Blighia welwitschii, BD—Brachiaria deflexa, BA—Bridelia atroviridis, CO—Cedrela odorata,CP—Ceiba pentandra, CG—Cola gigantean, CB—Calpocalyx brevibracteatus, CaP—Carapa procera, CC—Cola caricifolia, CR—Combretum racemosum, CA—Calycobolus africanus, CeP—Centrosema pubescens, ChO–Chromolaena odorata, CF—Clappertonia ficifolia, CS—Clerodendrum splendens, CuS—Culcasia saxatilis, DG–Desmodiu gangetium, DD—Dialium dinklagei, DK—Diospyros kamerunensis, EA—Entandrophragma angolense, EC—E. cylindicum, EG—Elaeis guineensis, EH—Euphorbia heterophylla, FA—Funtumia africana, FE–F. elastic, FS—Ficus sur, GB—Glyphaea brevis,GO—Geophila obvallata, GL—Gongronema latifolium, GM—Grewia malacocarpa, GF—Griffonia simplicifolia, GA—Gmelina arborea, GC—Guarea cedrata, HP—Heisteria parvifolia, HM—Harungana madagascariensis, HU—Heritiera utilis, HK—Hannoa klaineana, HF—Holarrhena floribunda, HL—Homalium letestui, HO—Hoslundia opposite, IC—Imperata cylindrica, II—Ipomoea involucrate, JF—Justicia flava, LB—Leptoderris brachyptera, LD—Landolphia dulcis, LW—Lannea welwitschii, MP—Microsorum punctatum, MiP—- Microdesmis puberula, MR—Millettia rhodantha, MZ—Millettia zechiana, KI—Khaya ivorensis, LL—Leucaena leucocephala, MiR—Milicia regia, MS—Mitragyna spp, MB—Macaranga barteri, MH—Macaranga hurifolia, MaB—Maesobotrya barteri, MA—Maranthes aubrevillei, MM—Mareya micrantha, MPu—Mimosa pudica, MD—Margaritaria discoidea, MoM—Monodora myristica, MC—Musanga cecropioides, MyL—Myrianthus libericus, MG—Motandra guineensis, OG—Olax gambecola, ND—Nauclea diderichii, PA—Piptadenistrum africana, PyA—Pycnnanthus angolensis, PM—Panicum maximum, PB—Parkia bicolor, NV—Napoleonaea vogelii, NL—Newbouldia laevis, PN—Parquetina nigrescens, PeM—Petersianthus macrocarpus, PuM—Pueraria montana, PS—Psydrax subcordata, RV—Rauvolfia vomitoria, RH—Ricinodendron heudelotii, Rinorea oblongifolia, RK—Rinorea kibbiensis, RC—Rottboellia cochinchinensis, SK—Scottelia klaineana, SC—Spathodea campanulata, SO—Sterculia oblonga, SS—Senna siamea, SB—Scleria boivinii, SA—Secamone afzelii, SiA—Sida acuta, SiC—Sida corymbosa, SmA—Smilax anceps, SmK—Smilax kraussiana, SV—Spermacoce verticillata, ST—Sterculia tragacantha, TG—Tectona grandis, Terminalia ivorensis, TS–T. superba, TH—Tieghemella heckelii, TrS—Triplochiton scleroxylon, TA—Tabernaemontana africana, TD—Tetrorchidium didymostemon, TM—Trichilia monadelpha, UR—Urera rigida, VC—Vernonia conferta, VF—Vitex ferruginea, VA—Voacanga africana, XS—Xylopia staudtii, ZC—Zanthoxylum chevalieri, and ZG—Zanthoxylum gilletii.