The rise of the longitudinal arch when sitting, standing, and walking: Contributions of the windlass mechanism
Fig 2
Experimental setup and data analysis.
(A) Reflective surface markers were attached at five anatomical landmarks of the right Foot: CAL = posterior calcaneus, MET1 = first metatarsal head, MET5 = fifth metatarsal head, NAV = talo-navicular tuberosity, HLX = medial hallux. (B) A self-built lever arm was used to dorsiflex the first toe. The MTP joint of the toe had to align with the rotational axis of the lever arm. The MTP joint angle was defined by two vectors, which were spanned by the markers CAL, MET1, and HLX. The navicular height was defined as the distance of the NAV marker from the x-y plane (defined by CAL, MET1, and MET5 markers). (C) During walking, change in MTP joint angle and navicular height were recorded between heel-rise and toe-off when the metatarsal heads and the distal phalanges were the only points of contact with the ground on the trailing leg.