Modelling extracellular matrix and cellular contributions to whole muscle mechanics
Fig 6
Strain energy-density with varying κcell.
Plots of passive fibre, base material, isochoric, volumetric, and total internal strain energy-densities. The energies are plotted over a passive lengthening period, up to a traction of 1 × 105 Pa, from timestep 3 to 13, and a linearly increasing fixed-length activation from timestep 13 to 23. κcell is varied between values 1 × 106 Pa, 1 × 107 Pa, and 1 × 108 Pa. The larger values of κcell demonstrate increasing incompressibility and approach the bulk moduli of water (2.15 × 109 Pa [49]), which is considered to be almost completely incompressible. The total internal strain energy-density is the combination of the volumetric, isochoric, and activation (not shown in figure) energies.