Analysis of a 180-degree U-turn maneuver executed by a hipposiderid bat
Fig 2
Top: Body trajectory of the bat during the U-turn flight from the top and side view. Bottom: Velocity, angle of ascent, and curvature of the turn. The curvature is defined using the standard definition: (radius of curvature)-1. The grey shaded regions denote upstrokes, and one complete wingbeat cycle consists of the upstroke+downstroke.