A combination of monosodium glutamate and high-fat and high-fructose diets increases the risk of kidney injury, gut dysbiosis and host-microbial co-metabolism
Fig 1
(A) Representative photographs of sections of hamster kidneys stained by H&E and for expression of kidney injury molecule-1 (KIM-1) and high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1), (B) serum creatinine levels and percentages of (C) KIM-1- and (D) HMGB1-positive cells. The extent of injury in these kidneys was evaluated after 8 months on experimental diets including the normal group (n = 6), monosodium glutamate-treated group (MSG, n = 6), high-fat and high-fructose diet-treated group (HFF, n = 6) and the MSG and HFF diet-treated group (MSG+HFF, n = 6). Findings are presented as mean ± SEM. *, **, *** are p < 0.05, p < 0.01 and p < 0.0001, respectively, compared with normal control or MSG or HFF.