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Canonical description of wing kinematics and dynamics for a straight flying insectivorous bat (Hipposideros pratti)

Fig 24

Combined flapping, stroke plane deviation, pitching, cambering and flexion: (a) time variation of α_effective, (b) Forces evolution averaged over two flapping cycles (53 ms to 324 ms).

doi: https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0218672.g024