Anti-inflammatory effects of ursodeoxycholic acid by lipopolysaccharide-stimulated inflammatory responses in RAW 264.7 macrophages
Fig 2
Nitric oxide (NO) secretion in RAW 264.7 macrophages treated with various concentrations of UDCA, lipopolysaccharide (LPS) or LPS containing various concentrations of UDCA.
(A) The macrophages were treated with 0.5, 1, or 2 mM UDCA for 1, 6, or 24 h. (B) The macrophages of LPS alone group were treated with 1 μg/mL LPS for 1, 6, or 24 h. The macrophages of the LPS containing UDCA groups were pre-treated with 0.5, 1, or 2 mM UDCA for 1 h. Then treated with LPS (1 μg/mL) containing equal concentration of UDCA for an additional 1, 6, or 24 h. The collected supernatants were reacted with Griess reagent, and the absorbance level was measured at 548 nm. Results are mean ± SD of triplicate experiments: *p < 0.05 and **p < 0.01, significant difference as compared to the control and to each other at the time point of 1, 6, or 24 h.