Substance P Inhibits Hyperosmotic Stress-Induced Apoptosis in Corneal Epithelial Cells through the Mechanism of Akt Activation and Reactive Oxygen Species Scavenging via the Neurokinin-1 Receptor
Fig 2
SP protects from hyperosmotic stress-induced apoptosis of corneal epithelial cells.
Mouse corneal epithelial cells were treated with 550 mOsm hyperosmotic stress by addition of glucose with or without 0.1, 1 or 10 μM SP for 24 h. Cell morphology was observed under inverted contrast microscopy (A). The apoptosis was evaluated by FACS analysis followed by FITC-Annexin V/PI staining (B), caspase activity measurement (C), and the detection of Bcl-2-associated death promoter (Bad), BCL2-associated X protein (Bax), apoptosis inducing factor (AIF), Ca2+ and mitochondrial membrane potential (JC-1 staining) (D).