Tyrosine Hydroxylation in Betalain Pigment Biosynthesis Is Performed by Cytochrome P450 Enzymes in Beets (Beta vulgaris)
Fig 4
Arabidopsis expressing betalain biosynthetic genes produce visible pigment phenotypes.
All Arabidopsis are ttg1-1 mutant except the wild type Ler ecotype in panel E. A. left, 35S:CYP76AD5 alone, right 35S:CYP76AD5 and 35S:PgDODA. B. left two flowers and right two flowers the same as in A. C and D are images of the same two petals. Left and right, the same as in A and B. C. white light, D. excitation with UV irradiation showing fluorescence of betaxanthins. E. mature siliques with seeds; top-35S:CYP76AD5 in ttg1-1 alone, middle-35S:PgDODA in ttg1-1 alone, bottom-wild type Ler, no transgene. F. seedlings, left to right- 35S:CYP76AD1 and 35S:PgDODA unfed; 35S:CYP76AD1 and 35S:PgDODA fed 1.5 mM tyrosine; 35S:CYP76AD5 and 35S:PgDODA fed 1.5 mM tyrosine; 35S:CYP76AD5 and 35S:PgDODA unfed. G. Thin Layer Chromatography of betalain pigments: top-untransformed red beet; middle-Arabidopsis transformed with 35S:CYP76AD1 and 35S:PgDODA fed 1.5 mM tyrosine; bottom-Arabidopsis transformed with 35S:CYP76AD5 and 35S:PgDODA fed 1.5 mM tyrosine. Asterisks mark the presence of red betacyanins.