Computational Fluid Dynamic Simulations of Maternal Circulation: Wall Shear Stress in the Human Placenta and Its Biological Implications
Fig 5
Cytoadhesion experiments with infected erythrocytes (IEs) under flow conditions with increasing levels of wall shear stress.
A: Giemsa staining of IEs adherent to the STB after 1 hour under flow conditions (0.15 dyn.cm-2). Black arrow: IEs, red arrow: STB nucleus. B: IEs adherent to the STB, after 1 hour under flow conditions (0.15 dyn.cm-2). The plasma membrane of the adherent IE is immunolabeled with a monoclonal anti-human Band 3 (Clone BIII-136 B 9277 Sigma 0.1μg.ml-1) antibody. STB nuclei are labeled with DAPI. C: Scanning electron micrograph of the STB after 1 hour under flow conditions (0.15 dyn.cm-2) without erythrocytes. D: Scanning electron micrograph of the STB after 1 hour under flow conditions (0.15 dyn.cm-2) with IEs expressing VAR2CSA (VAR2CSA+). E: cytoadhesion quantification of IEs after 1 hour under flow conditions with increasing levels of wall shear stress (mean±SEM). * significant difference (p<0.05) compared with 0.15 dyn.cm-2. ** significant difference (p<0.05) compared with 0.60 dyn.cm-2. *** significant difference (p<0.05) compared with 1.2 dyn.cm-2. F: Comparison of cytoadhesion after 1 hour under flow conditions (0.15 dyn.cm-2) between IEs expressing VAR2CSA (IE VAR2CSA+), IEs VAR2CSA+ pre-incubated with soluble chondroitin-4-sulfate A (CSA 10 μg.mL-1) and IEs VAR2CSA-. * significant difference (p<0.05) compared with IEs VAR2CSA+.