Dimethyl Fumarate and Monoethyl Fumarate Exhibit Differential Effects on KEAP1, NRF2 Activation, and Glutathione Depletion In Vitro
Fig 6
DMF and MEF Induce Different Effects on Extracellular GSH.
Primary cultures of human astrocytes were incubated with 1 (A) or 3 (B) μg/mL DMF, MEF or DMSO as a control. Media was collected from treated cells after 0.0, 0.5, 1.0, 6, 12 or 24 hours of treatment, and total extracellular glutathione was measured as relative luminescence units (RLU). Each point represents the mean of triplicate determinations (± SD). Dotted line represents average basal RLU levels. *, p<0.01 for DMF versus MEF at indicated time point. P values are based on two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test for multiple comparisons.