Dimethyl Fumarate and Monoethyl Fumarate Exhibit Differential Effects on KEAP1, NRF2 Activation, and Glutathione Depletion In Vitro
Fig 4
DMF and MEF Produce Distinct Changes in Gene Expression in Astrocytes.
Human astrocytes were treated with a concentration-response of DMF, MEF salts (Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+) or fumaric acid for 24 hours, and analyzed for transcriptional changes in putative NRF2 target genes (NQO1, HMOX1, OSGIN1, TXNRD1, GCLC and SRXN1). Triplicate determinations (± SD) were normalized as a fold change relative to DMSO controls for each gene and probe set. *, p<0.01 for DMF versus MEF at indicated concentration. P values are based on two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test for multiple comparisons.