Dimethyl Fumarate and Monoethyl Fumarate Exhibit Differential Effects on KEAP1, NRF2 Activation, and Glutathione Depletion In Vitro
Fig 3
NRF2 Translocation Induced by DMF and MEF Treatment.
Human astrocytes were treated with a mixture of MEF salts (Ca2+, Mg2+, Zn2+), DMF or the vehicle control DMSO. Extracts from harvested cells were separated into nuclear and cytoplasmic fractions and equal protein amounts from triplicate aliquots of each fraction were analyzed using an NRF2 TransAM DNA binding assay (A), and Western blots for NRF2, HDAC1 or β-actin (B). Red asterisks (*, p<0.01) indicate comparison of DMF versus MEF at indicated concentration. Black asterisks directly above bar plots (*, p<0.05, ***, p<0.001, ****, p<0.0001) refer to DMF and MEF versus DMSO control at indicated concentrations. P values are based on two-way ANOVA with Tukey’s post-test for multiple comparisons.