Zirconium Ions Up-Regulate the BMP/SMAD Signaling Pathway and Promote the Proliferation and Differentiation of Human Osteoblasts
Figure 7
Localization of phospho-SMAD1/5 in HOBs treated with zirconium solutions.
Strong p-SMAD1/5 nucleus localization is detected in the control (arrows, A,A’) and NaNO3-reated control (E,E’) HOBs. In HOBs treated with ZrO(NO3)2 at 5 µM (B,B’), p-SMAD1/5 has similar localization in the nucleus as in controls. (C-D) In the HOBs treated with ZrO(NO3)2 at 50 and 500 µM, p-SMAD1/5 localization is strongly detected the nuclei and in cytoplasm (arrows, C,C’,D’D’). Treated with ZrCl4 at different concentrations of 5, 50 and 500 µM, HOBs show the similar p–SMAD1/5 localization exhibited in the nucleus and/or cytoplasm, as seen in HOBs treated with ZrO(NO3)2. Scale bar: 50 µm.