Why Has the Number of Scientific Retractions Increased?
Figure 1
Papers published and retracted per year since 1973.
Note that the multipliers are different. For the sake of simplicity, error here includes all infractions except fraud (e.g., scientific error, plagiarism, duplication, other). Apparent declines in recent years must be interpreted with caution as additional papers may be retracted in the future, thereby reversing this decline.