Helper Response to Experimentally Manipulated Predation Risk in the Cooperatively Breeding Cichlid Neolamprologus pulcher
Figure 5
The ratio of (A) helping effort and (B) submission shown to the breeders, per received aggression from the breeders depending on the predator treatments (white circles: control; black triangles: medium predator; black squares: large predator) and helper size (small symbols and thin lines: medium helpers; large symbols and bold lines: large helpers). Depicted are means ± s.e.m (ratios = [frequency helping or submission square-root +3/8 transformed]/[frequency breeder aggression received square-root +3/8 transformed]) with sample sizes (number of observations). For statistics see text. Note that the sample size for medium helpers in the large predator treatment was n = 40 due to one sample lost and one sample the helper was hiding 100% of the time (gives 42–2 = 40).