New Endovascular Method for Transvascular Exit of Arteries and Veins: Developed in Simulator, in Rat and in Rabbit with Full Clinical Integration
Figure 2
Ex vivo and simulation data from penetration forces and blood-flow in the catheter lumen.
In a. graph showing data from a loading cell connected to a longitudinally cut aorta mounted in free air with the first bar corresponding to force applied to penetrate the vessel wall from inside and out and the second bar corresponding to perforation by the depth limiting collar, an “overshooting” of the system. Error bars are Standard deviations. In b. graph showing flow rates (Y-axis) plotted against lumen radius (X-axis). The flow rate becomes small as the lumen radius is reduced. At radii over 50 micrometer, turbulent flow gives lower flow rates (open symbols) which is taken into account in the calculations with COMSOL Multiphysics as compared to a perfect laminar flow (filled symbols). In c. graph illustrating velocity fields of circular Poiseuille flows (filled symbols) and COMSOL Multiphysics (open symbols) in an Extroducer device with a 2 mm long lumen, wherein the velocity fields, driven by a pressure of 200 mmHg (Y-axis), are plotted against different lumen radius (X-axis). This shows turbulence impact in reducing the velocity in the central part of the velocity fields. At a 50 micrometer radius COMSOL Multiphysics is identical to the circular Poiseuille flow but at higher radii the impact of turbulence becomes apparent.